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Feathers may have helped T. rex’s relatives ride out a cold climate

Feathers are the defining feature of birds, but that wasn't always the case. For millions of years, various species of dinosaurs sported feathers, some of which have left behind fossilized impressions. But for the most part, the feathers we've found have been attached to smaller dinosaurs, many of them along the lineage that gave rise to birds.

That situation was changed dramatically by a species that is described in today's issue of Nature. Three nearly complete skeletons have revealed a feathered dinosaur that its finders term "gigantic." At nearly 1,500kg and over forty times the weight of any previous feathered dinosaur, Yutyrannus huali was a beast—almost certainly an apex predator, and related to the ancestors of Tyrannosaurus Rex.

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Four-winged dinosaur fossilized after swallowing a bird

Feathered dinosaurs existed for millions of years before the origin of birds and, for a time, there was a period where feathered dinosaurs and early birds coexisted with animals that don't fit neatly into either category. One of the latter was microraptor, a feathered dinosaur that doesn't appear to have been of the avian lineage but still seems to have had wing-like feathers on all four of its limbs. Researchers have now found that microraptor did have a close relationship with birds: it ate them.

Microraptor, as its name implies, was a small dinosaur, maybe a meter long counting its tail. Based on the number of fossils we've recovered, it was about as unremarkable as a pigeon in its day, which was about 120 million years ago. But most reconstructions suggest it looked rather unusual by modern standards. That's because microraptor featured wing-like forelimbs that retained claws, and hindlimbs that had an array of feathers similar to that on its forelimbs. A number of researchers suggest it could fly or glide, possibly using all four limbs for lift.

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