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Fighting on after the war is over, HIV contrarian publishes yet another paper

When the world first learned of AIDS, there was a lot of justifiable confusion over what could cause such a confusing array of symptoms. But, over time, the confusion slowly subsided. A virus, HIV, was found that infected the right cells and spread in the right ways to explain the progression of the disease. Public health measures that targeted it slowed its spread, and drugs designed to target the virus helped extend the lives of those infected. By now, the Nobel Prizes have been awarded and the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is so comprehensive, it's treated as a fact.

But not by everyone. As attention first focused on HIV, a handful of scientists very publicly raised questions about whether the scientific evidence was as solid as others thought. And, years later, at least one's still at it: Berkeley molecular biologist Peter Duesberg. Last month, after his latest effort to see his arguments published ended up in a retraction and the firing of an editor-in-chief, Duesberg managed to get it published in the Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology.

It's a rather dramatic path to publication for a paper. But anyone familiar with Duesberg's sometimes flamboyant contrarian nature wouldn't be surprised.

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Researchers short-circuit the immune system to block HIV

So far, efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV have failed. It's not that they don't induce people to make antibodies against the virus—they make plenty of those—it's just that most of the antibodies don't usually keep the virus from infecting new cells. Nevertheless, these sorts of antibodies are possible to make. A number of patients that weren't vaccinated but fail to develop AIDS following HIV infection have been identified, and some of them are protected by antibodies that successfully neutralize many strains of HIV.

Since these broadly neutralizing antibodies are the sorts of things we want out of the vaccination process, a team of labs at Caltech and UCLA decided to short-circuit the need for a vaccination, or even antibody-producing immune cells. They created a disarmed adenovirus that contained the genes needed to produce a broadly effective antibody from humans, optimizing the DNA to make sure that the antibody was made in muscle cells, and then secreted into their environment.

The modified virus was then injected into mice that had had their immune systems humanized (the stem cells in their bone marrow were killed off and then repopulated with human cells). The mice were then exposed to levels of HIV many times higher than are normally present during initial infections. Not all antibodies effectively blocked new infections, but at least one did so consistently. The resistance to new HIV infections persisted for the life of the experiments.

The authors are clearly thinking that this isn't just a demonstration that will be limited to the lab, since they argue that "Our results suggest that successful translation of this approach to humans may produce effective prophylaxis against HIV." That translation may be challenging, however, as the use of these viruses in gene therapies has been somewhat mixed. Still, it seems like a promising idea, given that it could mean a one-time needle stick for lifelong protection.

Nature, 2011. DOI: 10.1038/nature10660  (About DOIs).

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